Journal of Biology and Medicine: Open Access

Ionic liquids (ILs) are used in a variety of applications. Although ILs are called “green solvents,” they exhibit significant toxicity. The toxicity of ILs presumably manifests owing to their interaction with the cell membrane. Organic solvents bind to and penetrate the cell membrane and severely affect cell permeability. Therefore, there is a possibility that the tolerance to ILs could be enhanced by utilizing organic solvent tolerance mechanisms. In this article, we proposed a method for visually evaluating the toxicity of ILs to Escherichia coli using formazan dye. Furthermore, we examined whether the method could be used to evaluate the difference in ionic liquid susceptibility of E. coli transformed with an organic solvent tolerance gene marA. E. coli transformed with marA were found to be more tolerant to several ILs. It was suggested that the organic solvent tolerance mechanism effectively works for ILs.

Background: Integrated pharmaceutical logistic system is a single system of reporting and distribution pharmaceutical items by integrating various programs with the objective of improving efficiency and reduces redundancy while enhancing product availability. Method: We electronically searched from Google Scholar and PubMed using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A complete of 102 sorts of literature were searched. After exclusion of redundant and irrelevant literature, 31 literatures were reviewed. Quality and availability of logistic formats, availability of medicines, storage and store organization, manpower deployment and development, infrastructure, inter-sectorial collaboration were a challenge of integrated pharmaceutical logistic system. The future priorities would be capacity building, warehouse improvement, close partnership with key stakeholders, supportive supervision and implementation follow up and creating ownership and sustainability at all levels of a supply chain. Conclusion: In the past few years integrated pharmaceutical logistic system has brought significant improvements to a supply chain of Ethiopia, although the system faced with various challenges which still remain to be addressed.

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is the most conservative protein-coding gene in the mitochondrial genome of different animals. Universal primers are used to amplify 710 bp fragment of the COI gene. In India, there are four different breeds of camel present in different region - Bikaneri, Kuchchhi, Jaisalmeri, and Mewari. The aim of this article is to phylogenetic study based on the COI sequence analysis of these diverse animals. There are two advantages to focus on COI gene a) Universal primer; b) COI shows greater range of phylogenetic signal. Compared to other genes which codes protein, third position nucleotides of the COI gene show highly base substitutions, and therefore suitable for highest rate of molecular evolution, greater than 12S or 16S rDNA analysis. We are also reporting likelihood values, functional divergence in amino acid changes and polymorphism among four camel breeds in India. We have identified some unique mutations in the individual breed in India and therefore divergent from the main species.

Molecular medicines are needs of present-day society and future generations. Millions and billions of micro and macro, bio, and synthetic molecules are being utilized to solve several types of health-related problems in the fields of ever-changing trends of modern arena. Eco-friendly and life-caring trends of modern scientific institutions helped to develop new trends to solve lifeleading problems including epidemic/pandemic situations. Biochemical reactions governing life are being determined by physicochemical mathematical dialogues helped to understand the nature of structural framework of molecular medicines in the light of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics to overcome the critical conditions of health related problems of all times can be solve more accurately within the limited short periods of sustenance by understanding pure scientific language as in this article as a short communication for scientists and researchers to focus more on mathematical language for the better and absolute management of biodynamic related products during the course of epidemics/pandemics by practice and products.

Banana is an elongated, edible fruit has many health promoting factors. The main biochemical factor found in banana is flavonoids. Flavonoid compounds are reported to have various functions in plants. The ability to synthesise flavonoids in a given plant vary considerably among different tissues. Flavonoids extracted from different parts of the Banana (Musa paradisiaca) like inflorescence, stem, and raw banana etc. orally applied at doses of 0.5 mg and 1 mg/ 100g BW showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic activities in rats. Even though the flavonoids from different parts of banana showed hypolipidemic as well as hypoglycemic activities, significant reduction was noticed in the rats fed 1 mg/100 BW flavonoids from raw banana.