Transactions on Engineering and Computer Science

Abstract 

Following the information age, a new computational data structure known as blockchain has risen to prominence as an open, public, distributed ledger with a wide range of uses. With applications in secure sharing of medical data, voting mechanisms, cross-border payments, personal identity security, and most notably cryptocurrency exchange, blockchains seek to revolutionize how we handle our data fundamentally. On the other hand, the technological development of quantum computers has opened several vulnerabilities to numerous blockchain applications. Therefore, improper methods of establishing privacy for blockchain can compromise large amounts of user data, making the development of high-level privacy-preserving mechanisms impervious to quantum computing of great importance. In this research, we developed three security schemes for quantum computing-resistant blockchain applications. The first security scheme was the use of classical-quantum mappings for zeroknowledge proof of data. The second security scheme proposed was an optical encryption scheme for information security under the basic double random phase encoding framework using enhanced complexity and immunity in the Fresnel domain. The final mechanism we proposed is a wavelet-based steganography scheme for increased storage, concealment, and limited accessibility. We used a wavelet domain to transmit pseudo-quantum signals in RGB color QRs for robust and secure data encryption capabilities. 

Keywords: Blockchain; m-band wavelet transfor; Steganography; Pseudo quantum signaling; Quantum signaling; Grover's algorithm; Shor's algorithm; Asymmetric key cryptography; Fresnel domain; Fresnel diffraction; Quantum algorithm; Reverse encryption; Color QRs; Quantum cryptography; Transaction verification; Proof of work; Post-quantum cryptography; and Optical encryption scheme.