Case Reports and Reviews: Open Access

Abstract: Significant advancements in understanding the need of glycemic control in physically active individuals with diabetes contributed to the development of exercise-specific nutritional and life-style recommendations ensuring the optimal performance and recovery. The main aim of this article is to review and present the update guidance for endurance athletes with certain metabolic disturbance, particularly diabetes type 1. post-exercise recovery in athletes with diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, who are often left to develop their own strategies or rely on guidelines designed for individuals without diabetes. Evidence to date indicated that employing nutritional strategies along the life-style habits can enhance sport performance in individuals with diabetes, while facilitating post-exercise recovery and glycemic management. Consequently, optimizing exercise protocols is essential for efficient recovery and appropriate training adaptations. The post-exercise period is particularly critical, as it presents challenges due to altered insulin sensitivity, post-exercise hyperglycemia, and other metabolic disturbances observed. Therefore, the key nutritional considerations include carbohydrate intake to replenish glycogen stores, fluid management to maintain hydration and thermoregulation, protein intake to promote muscle repair and glycogen synthesis, and caffeine intake to potentially mitigate exercise-associated hypoglycemia. Furthermore, it is emphasized that specific recommendations for carbohydrate intake, including timing, quantity, and quality, as well as exercise duration and intensity, are crucial for managing glycemic responses. The inclusion of fiber is also recommended. Additionally, fluid management, protein intake, and caffeine consumption play significant roles in optimizing post-exercise recovery for athletes with diabetes. Future research should aim to define optimal nutritional interventions tailored to the unique needs of this population, taking into account individual variations in glycemic responses and metabolic profiles. Future research should focus on defining optimal nutritional interventions tailored to this population's unique needs, considering individual variations in glycemic responses and metabolic profiles.

Keywords: Diet, Endurance athletes, Type1 diabetes, Diet therapy, Nutrition.