Case Reports and Reviews: Open Access

Aim: Being a part of an international project, this article intends to provide valuable input regarding menstruation issues such as menstrual perception practices, hygiene awareness, and biological knowledge in socially vulnerable group of Portuguese girls. Methods: A set of 26 questions organized in four section were used in semi-structured and in-depth interviews. A sample of 15 young girls contribute with their experience and knowledge regarding menstruation topics. Feeling were also taken into account through nonverbal signs. Results: All interviewees were familiar with menstruation, which they identified as something natural and proper to the female body. However, they see it as something to be discussed by menstruators and did not reveal much ease in talking about hygiene. Their knowledge of the female reproductive system physiology was thin. Conclusions: This methodology has proved to be very effective in addressing the normal non-subject of menstruation. Data obtained indicated gaps and guided some suggestions to go further in this theme. Also, the responses obtained revealed that this is still a topic of general knowledge but on which we have yet to find strategies to make it more enlightening and open since is still a target of incomprehension and inequality. To understand menstruation deeply and clearly, every boy and girl has to go beyond dominant preconceptions and not only deepen the physiological knowledge but also sociological.

Odontogenic cysts and tumors are originated from clusters of cell rests of dental lamina retained in the tissues. The capacities with regards to additional expansion of these epithelial leftovers during cysts and tumors formation are at variance. CD10 is an enzyme endopeptidase, used to identify tumor cell differentiation and multiplication as well as prognosis of various types of tumors. Studies on behavior and aggressiveness of odontogenic lesions are still scarce. This article aimed to compare the immunohistochemical expression of CD10 in dentigerous cyst (DC), odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and unicystic ameloblastoma (UA). In this laboratory based cross-sectional comparative study, immunohistochemical staining of CD10 was performed on histologically proven thirty-nine odontogenic lesions (13 DC, 13 OKC, and 13 UA). Results were statistically analyzed by using Chi-squared test, paired sample t-test, and independent t-test. Data showed mean percentage of CD10 immunoexpression was the highest in epithelial part of UA (63.85 ± 24.34) compared to DC (45.0 ± 23.28) and OKC (43.85 ± 28.44). CD10 immunoexpression was higher in stromal parts of UA and OKC (68.46 ± 17.25 and 64.23 ± 19.88 respectively) than DC (21.54 ± 15.73). There was statistically significant difference between CD10 epithelial immunoexpression and stromal immunoexpression within study groups (p = 0.021). Current data proposed that aggressiveness of UA and high recurrence rate of OKC might be related to increase in immunoexpression of CD10. It is indicated for surgical modification of these lesions compared to DC and recommended for regular follow-up.

The recent outbreak of the novel coronavirus known as Covid-19 has caused many people from different parts of the world to become critically ill. At the start of the global pandemic, there was not enough information known about the novel virus to help fight the infection. As time has passed, with the death toll continuously rising, more research into current and future treatments have been conducted. This has helped healthcare professionals and scientists develop a better understanding of the novel virus, with how it affects the body and how current, emerging, and future treatment strategies can help to manage symptoms and reduce mortality.

Ecthyma contagiosum is a minor zoonosis, caused by the orf virus that belongs to the family Poxviridae, of the genus Parapoxvirus. Its endemic in sheeps and goats’ herds. Transmission to humans occurs through direct contact with infected animals. We report a case of an orf infection in a 32 years old Moroccan woman. It’s a begnin viral infection, spontaneously regressive and does not require any specific treatment beyond complications that remain rare. Education of people at risk is crucial to prevent Orf virus infection.

Background: Prinzemetal angina is characterised by episodic chest pain at rest due to coronary artery vasospasm with transient ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram and angiographically normal coronary arteries. In more severe cases, ST elevation may be followed by T-wave inversion for hours or days which eventually resolve. Rare complications of Prinzemetal angina include life threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure and myocardial infarction. Case presentation: We report a case of a 41-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with severe chest pain, severe breathlessness and cardiogenic shock. Chest pain resolved following administration of nitrates. Result of electrocardiogram carried out after chest pain had subsided revealed Q wave in lead V1 and T-wave inversion in leads V1 – V4. Coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries. He was treated with losartan, antiplatelets, and statins with good results. He was discharged and followed up on above medications and has remained asymptomatic. Conclusion: Rare and lifethreatening presentations of Prinzmetal angina require immediate therapy. Further attacks of angina can be prevented using nitrates, calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and statins.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in later December 2019 in Wuhan, China, as a new epidemic form of respiratory life treating infection caused by a novel coronavirus. Lactoferrin (LF), a milk protein used as a food supplement has been reported to be effective in vitro and in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 both as a potential preventative or therapy treatment. Lactoferrin or lactotransferrin, is a protein found in cow and human milk with great affinity for iron ions and with a significant role as immunomodulator. It belongs to the components of the innate immune system and is present in several mucosal secretions and in neutrophil leukocytes. Increases in lactoferrin are seen with inflammatory bowel disease but also with other inflammatory conditions, with intestinal bacterial infections, some parasitic infections, and with colon cancer. LF gen and other genes such us S100A9, and Lipocalin 2 are over expressed in patients with SARS which supports that LF has immunomodulatory properties derived from its ability to bridge innate and adaptative immunity. In the present study we analyze the effects of the oral intake of a single dose of 24 mg of liposomal lactoferrin (LLF) in 4 human volunteers on l eucocyte gene expression at five times points, before (0h) and 2-4-6 and -24 hours after its oral intake. LLF absorption was measured in blood serum by ELISA and the expression of genes for Lactotransferrin (LTF), Angiotensinogen (AGT), Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTqPCR) on blood cells. Oral administration of LLF increased lactoferrin levels in blood serum and enhanced the expression of LTF, AGT, and GCSF genes while GM-CSF levels remained unchanged. These findings support that LLF activates the innate-immune response and increase our defense system against bacterial and viral infections.

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder with a high risk of cancers [1]. Neurofibromas are benign tumors seen during the NF1. There is just a few reported cases of brest’s neurofibromas and the majority was on the nipple-areolar complex [2]. What about brest cancer in this case? We present a case of 56 years old women with a diagnosis of NF1. She presented with a 10 years history of bilateral, painless nipple skin tumors. There was no family history of NFI or brest cancer. Clinical examination found bilateral, polypoid, pigmented, and fleshy nodules on both nipple-areolar complexes (Figs. 1 and 2). Mammogram was normal and the patient is under surveillance. It has been suggested that brest’s neurofibromas are more seen in female [3]. To the best of our knowledge, no cases of malignant transformation of a neurofibroma of the breast have been reported. However, a meta-analysis and many previous studies showed a high risk of breast cancer in patients with NF1 [1]. In addition to this, it has been reported that the NF1 gene is located near to the breast cancer predisposition gene (BRCA1) on chromosome 17q, which makes the association of brest cancer and neurofibromas theoretical so possible [3]. In conclusion, clinicians need to be aware of the high risk of breast cancer in patients with NF1, especially in patients with neurofibromas of the nippleareolar complex.

The breast angiosarcoma is a rare but dreadful complication of radiation therapy. It has a very poor prognosis due to the frequent occurrence of visceral metastases and rapid recurrence. In this article, we report the case of a breast angiosarcoma occurring four years after conservative treatment of breast cancer and then recurring on a mastectomy scar. We will discuss the etiopathogenesis of this tumor and their clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Patients who are undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments for head and neck are susceptible to developing Oral Mucositis (OM) in the oropharyngeal region. OM, if not properly treated, directly influences nutritional function and reduces immune defense, facilitating the spread of opportunistic infections and Sars-Cov-2 due to the presence of angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ECA2) present in the salivary glands. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) appears as a treatment option, which prevents the manifestation of OM and promotes homeostasis in the defense cells and respiratory system.

The nutraceuticals reach for healthcare handling for persistent diseases, has resulted in an exceedingly general increasing 'nutraceutical' rising. Most of the environments resulted less important to an insufficient lifestyle and dietary habits. The nutraceutical reach plays a weighty truly and its cost-efficient. Its monetary process is creating challenges within the tending and medicament professions. A dole of analysis, result and rules gaging are incumbent. A talk is delineating within the offering scrutinize as motivation to incur in extra hardware’s during this profession.