Case Reports and Reviews: Open Access

Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma with Stromal Eosinophilia ulcer of the oral mucosa is recognized as a benign, reactive, and selflimiting lesion with an uncertain pathophysiology that appears as a solitary, rapidly developing ulcer. These lesions can appear in a variety of ways clinically, but most of these instances a complete history and clinical examination can determine both the etiology and the consequence. It is utmost important to recognize these mucosal lesions which are characterized by the presence of indurated elevated borders and mimics malignant ulcers such as squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. Although most of times a biopsy of such lesions is not required, in certain cases it may be necessary to conduct histological investigations in order to rule out conditions which clinically resemble traumatic lesions; however, the condition tends to resolve on its own. The present case highlights the clinical aspects, etiopathogenesis and histopathology of this uncommon lesion.

Severe mental illness (SMI) can often lead to severe neglect of self-care, including diminished oral hygienic practices. Medically complex patients, particularly adults, face hardship in finding affordable, consistent dental care that caters to their particular needs. If there are any additional barriers to treatment (i.e. financial, transportation, access, dental fear, imbalance of mental health status, etc.), treatment is at an increased risk of being delayed, aborted, or never initiated. All of these issues can lead to situations where caries control becomes the crucial first step in a comprehensive dental treatment plan where time is of the essence. Training healthcare practitioners who can recognize the challenges faced by their patients in maintaining their oral health and gaining knowledge in preventative options when faced with any delay of definitive dental care can improve the oral health options and outlook for their patients. It is also important for dental practitioners to gain practical knowledge of management and comprehensive treatment modalities for a patient with schizophrenia. The complex medical needs of the patient ties in closely with disease progression, further highlighting the need for dentists who engage and treat patients of varied medical complexity. Use of silver diamide fluoride can aid healthcare providers in preserving a patient’s dentition when comprehensive dental care is delayed.

Background: In our study, we focused on a group of young patients with a testosterone level below the average values of the standard for a prolonged period and the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Methods: From January 2013 to December 2019 at the Andrological office we examined 73 men aged 37 to 45 years with normal or elevated body mass index and a testosterone level below the average values of the standard for a prolonged period. We selected a control group of 20 agematched men. Results: In the patients, we obtained, although within reference limits, reliably lower values for total serum testosterone compared to those of the control group (p<0.001). We found significant differences in mean levels of sex hormone binding globulin, estradiol, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones, estradiol/testosterone ratio, and the free androgen index values between the study men and those of the control group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our studies unequivocally show that even at a young age, some men, regardless of their BMI, have certain deviations in the normal secretion of testosterone and its carrier in the blood. Along with that, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis were observed, which, although not yet out of the reference values, differed significantly from the same parameters in their peers with a high degree of normality the serum testosterone level. The changes we have found are mostly discrete, probably reversible with lifestyle changes, but if ignored can lead in older age to a prominent climacteric-like state and hypogonadism.

Prune-belly syndrome, or Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by genitourinary abnormalities and aplastic or hypoplastic abdominal muscles. We present a case of prenatal diagnosis of prune belly syndrome at 20 weeks gestation, complicated by Potter sequence due to obstructive uropathy. Despite counseling, restrictive abortion laws limited the mother's options, leading to a continued pregnancy with close monitoring and palliative care. The infant exhibited severe features of Potter sequence and succumbed shortly after birth. This case underscores the challenges parents face in restrictive abortion law environments and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive prenatal counseling and access to medical services, including termination when medically indicated.

Marjolin's ulcer is a cutaneous malignant ulcer that arises from a previously injured, long-standing scars, wounds or sinuses. The majority of them are derived from scars developed after burns that were not drafted, appearing several years later. We report of case of a 55-year-old lady who presented with an ulcero-proliferative lesion on her left arm which developed over a pre-existing burn scar. Histopathological examination revealed it to be a squamous cell carcinoma, confirming the diagnosis of Marjolin’s ulcer. She underwent wide local excision of growth with adequate margin and reconstruction with local flap. Understanding the pathogenesis and occurrence of such malignant ulcers over a pre-existing chronic scar is important for early recognition and treatment, providing successful treatment results.

Instrument breakage is a common mishap where management options are reduced especially in a curved canal with restricted visual access. Bypassing the fractured instrument represents the most conservative way to deal with this obstacle without compromising the disinfection of the root canal. The aim of this article was to report a case of management of an acute curvature with two broken files with one of them partially extruded beyond the apex. bypassing of the broken files and negotiating the severe curvature was done after a meticulous study of the pre-operative radiography that assessed the case difficulties and helped us strategize the use of adequate instruments and techniques. Afterwards we will describe the instrumental management protocol to bypass the two broken files prior to the filling of root canals.

Buttock augmentation has witnessed a surge in popularity as more individuals seek to enhance the size and shape of their buttocks. Traditional surgical methods, such as gluteal implants and fat transfer, have been widely employed to achieve this goal. However, the emergence of dermal fillers as a minimally invasive alternative has garnered significant attention in recent years. This article presents a comprehensive review of gluteal augmentation using dermal fillers, encompassing a detailed examination of the techniques involved, patient selection criteria, safety considerations, and potential outcomes. The objective of this review is to analyze existing literature and clinical experiences to offer valuable insights into the efficacy, longevity, and potential complications associated with gluteal augmentation using dermal fillers. A thorough exploration of the various techniques employed in this procedure will be provided, focusing on the strategic placement and volume of dermal fillers to achieve a fuller and more contoured appearance of the buttocks. Patient selection criteria will be thoroughly discussed, taking into consideration factors such as overall health, body type, and realistic expectations. By providing a clear understanding of suitable candidates, this review aims to assist patients and practitioners in making informed decisions regarding the appropriateness of gluteal augmentation with dermal fillers. Safety considerations will be emphasized throughout the article, as maintaining patient safety is of paramount importance. Potential risks and complications associated with dermal fillers for gluteal augmentation will be addressed, advocating for the necessity of seeking treatment from qualified and experienced practitioners. In addition, the article will delve into the outcomes and longevity of gluteal augmentation with dermal fillers. An analysis of existing data will be presented to ascertain the duration of results and potential need for touchup sessions over time.In conclusion, this comprehensive review intends to shed light on the intricacies of gluteal augmentation with dermal fillers, providing practitioners and patients with evidence-based insights. By presenting a balanced evaluation of techniques, safety considerations, and outcomes, this article aims to facilitate an informed and confident approach to buttock enhancement procedures.

The term "Galena vein aneurysm" encompasses various vascular abnormalities characterized by the dilation of the vein of Galen. This condition is considered a rare vascular malformation, with experts estimating an incidence of approximately 1 in 25,000 births. Despite accounting for only 1% of all intracranial abnormalities, it affects up to 30% of the pediatric population. In this report, we present a case of prenatal diagnosis of Galen vein aneurysm using sonography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.