Journal of Biology and Medicine: Open Access

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is the most conservative protein-coding gene in the mitochondrial genome of different animals. Universal primers are used to amplify 710 bp fragment of the COI gene. In India, there are four different breeds of camel present in different region - Bikaneri, Kuchchhi, Jaisalmeri, and Mewari. The aim of this article is to phylogenetic study based on the COI sequence analysis of these diverse animals. There are two advantages to focus on COI gene a) Universal primer; b) COI shows greater range of phylogenetic signal. Compared to other genes which codes protein, third position nucleotides of the COI gene show highly base substitutions, and therefore suitable for highest rate of molecular evolution, greater than 12S or 16S rDNA analysis. We are also reporting likelihood values, functional divergence in amino acid changes and polymorphism among four camel breeds in India. We have identified some unique mutations in the individual breed in India and therefore divergent from the main species.

The freshwater macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata), a filamentous green alga, collected from the sub-branch of the dam canal, was identified based on morpho-anatomical characters and chemical compositions. The algal biomass containing carbohydrate, protein, lipid, contents were 31.65± 1.5, 13.7± 1.5 and 2.05± 1.5 wt.%, respectively. Also, C. glomerata has chlorophylls and carotenoids pigments were 258.35±2.16 and 79.54±0.67 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanolic solvent extracts derived from C. glomerata against bacteria and fungus. The feasibility of utilizing C. glomerata extracts as a potential source for the antibacterial, antifungal properties was investigated. The methanol solvent extracts of C. glomerata used in this article have revealed significant bacterial strains, namely, B. substilis, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, P. vlgaris, S. aureus and E. coli. The Epidermophyton floccosum shows that higher inhibition was reached to 91.02 %. Fungal strains C. albicans, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. phaseolina, P. oedochilum, R. solani, A. flevus, N. oryzae and T. hamatum were examined with C. glomerata extracts. Staphylococcus aureus express that highed positive control Ampicillin compared to other fungus species in this article. These results suggest that the methanol extracts of C. glomerata possess an effective wide spectrum of antimicrobial and antifungal, which can assist as a remarkable source for antimicrobial compounds.