Journal of Biology and Medicine: Open Access

As a disease defined by the level of hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) causes micro- and macrovascular damage. The present study evaluated the effect of methanol fraction of ethanol extract of Dialium guineense (MEDG) stem bark on cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 25, mean weight = 215 ± 15 g) were used. The rats were divided into five groups (5 rats per group): normal control, diabetic control, metformin, MEDG (200 mg/kg body weight, bwt) and MEDG (300 mg/kg bwt) groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg bwt). The diabetic rats were then treated for 21 days with metformin (50 mg/kg bwt) or MEDG (200 and 300 mg/kg bwt, respectively). The results showed that STZ-induced DM significantly increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC) and cardiac risk ratio (CRR), but it significantly reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.05). However, treatment of diabetic rats with MEDG stem bark led to significant reductions in circulating levels of lipid profile (except HDL-C, which increased) as well as AIP, AC and CRR (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the medicinal plant extract has the capacity to protect against cardiovascular events in diabetic rats induced by STZ.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of total saponins and tannins isolated from the stem bark of Dialium guineense on lipid profile and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced histological changes in liver of Wistar rats. A total of twenty-five (25) adult male Wistar rats, which weighed between 160 and 180 g were assigned to five groups of 5 rats each: normal control, CCl4 control, silymarin, total saponins and total tannins groups. Liver damage was induced in the rats using CCl4 (single oral dose of 1.0 mL/kg body weight, bwt). Silymarin group rats were administered standard hepatoprotective drug, silymarin, at a dose of 100 mg/kg bwt, while those in the two treatment groups received 150 mg/kg bwt of total saponins or tannins orally for 28 days. Lipid profile parameters were determined in plasma, while rat liver was subjected to histopathological examination. The results showed that the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) as well as atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were significantly lower in CCl4 control group than in normal control group, but they were increased after treatment with total saponins or tannins (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in atherogenic coefficient (AC) and cardiac risk ratio (CRR) among the groups (p > 0.05). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) markedly disrupted the structure of hepatocytes and induced steatosis (intrahepatocyte fat in-growth and inflammation). However, treatment with total saponins and tannins of D. guineense stem bark showed marked regeneration of hepatocytes (unremarkable hepatic lobular architecture). The toxic hepatic injury induced by CCl4 was significantly ameliorated by the phytochemicals.

Background: Integrated pharmaceutical logistic system is a single system of reporting and distribution pharmaceutical items by integrating various programs with the objective of improving efficiency and reduces redundancy while enhancing product availability. Method: We electronically searched from Google Scholar and PubMed using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A complete of 102 sorts of literature were searched. After exclusion of redundant and irrelevant literature, 31 literatures were reviewed. Quality and availability of logistic formats, availability of medicines, storage and store organization, manpower deployment and development, infrastructure, inter-sectorial collaboration were a challenge of integrated pharmaceutical logistic system. The future priorities would be capacity building, warehouse improvement, close partnership with key stakeholders, supportive supervision and implementation follow up and creating ownership and sustainability at all levels of a supply chain. Conclusion: In the past few years integrated pharmaceutical logistic system has brought significant improvements to a supply chain of Ethiopia, although the system faced with various challenges which still remain to be addressed.

The freshwater macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata), a filamentous green alga, collected from the sub-branch of the dam canal, was identified based on morpho-anatomical characters and chemical compositions. The algal biomass containing carbohydrate, protein, lipid, contents were 31.65± 1.5, 13.7± 1.5 and 2.05± 1.5 wt.%, respectively. Also, C. glomerata has chlorophylls and carotenoids pigments were 258.35±2.16 and 79.54±0.67 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanolic solvent extracts derived from C. glomerata against bacteria and fungus. The feasibility of utilizing C. glomerata extracts as a potential source for the antibacterial, antifungal properties was investigated. The methanol solvent extracts of C. glomerata used in this article have revealed significant bacterial strains, namely, B. substilis, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, P. vlgaris, S. aureus and E. coli. The Epidermophyton floccosum shows that higher inhibition was reached to 91.02 %. Fungal strains C. albicans, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. phaseolina, P. oedochilum, R. solani, A. flevus, N. oryzae and T. hamatum were examined with C. glomerata extracts. Staphylococcus aureus express that highed positive control Ampicillin compared to other fungus species in this article. These results suggest that the methanol extracts of C. glomerata possess an effective wide spectrum of antimicrobial and antifungal, which can assist as a remarkable source for antimicrobial compounds.