Journal of Biology and Medicine: Open Access

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that jeopardizes both human and animal health, with significant economic implications. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and veterinary practices have driven the development of resistance, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread. In particular, the use of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture has accelerated the emergence of resistant pathogens that can transfer to humans via the food chain. AMR is linked to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates, extended hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Projections suggest that AMR could lead to up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, with devastating impacts on global economies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Addressing AMR requires a multi-faceted approach, including stricter antibiotic regulations, improved management practices in agriculture, and enhanced surveillance systems. This article reviews the mechanisms of AMR, its global and regional implications, and the strategies needed to mitigate its impact on public health and food security.

Milk borne zoonoses are a significant cause of morbidity as well as mortality both in the developing and developed nations of the world. A cross-sectional study has been conducted in Holeta town of Oromia region of central Ethiopia to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the community on milk-borne zoonotic diseases. A total of 120 study participants from the different sociodemographic backgrounds were randomly selected and voluntarily filled out the semi structured questionnaire, which was distributed to gather the required information from the respondents. The results showed that 64.17% of the respondents knew that milk born zoonotic diseases could be acquired through the consumption of raw milk whereas 31.67% of the respondents prefer to consume unpasteurized milk. Of the total respondents, 81.67 % did not check the quality milk prior to use for consumption. The study revealed that 85% of respondents in this study did not receive formal training on milk-borne zoonotic diseases. About 6.67% of the respondents shared the same house with the animals. The overall knowledge, attitude, and practice of milk-borne zoonotic diseases in the study area were not adequate. Thus, community education and awareness-raising programs are required to further improve the community’s knowledge, attitude, and practice on milk-borne zoonotic diseases that cause serious illness in humans worldwide.

The potential of microalgae as a source of bioremediation based on wastewater has received increasing interest throughout the world. A freshwater microalga Chlorella vulgaris was investigated for its ability to reduce salinity from six different polychem industrial wastewaters which were diluted in microalgae in three different proportions (namely, 1:6, 1:1 and 2:1). The results reveled that C. vulgaris grew in wastewater of chemical and fertilizer company, obtained value of pH, salinity, DO, salinity and TDS did not change while absorbance value decreased from day 0 to day 30 due to highly acidic nature. For polymer, dye, RO, and petroleum industry wastewater, the absorbance and pH value increase for all concentration. The lowest salinity and TDS for poly, dye, RO and petroleum industry were all at the concentration of 2:1. The result showed that, Chlorella sp. managed to reduce the salinity for wastewater polymer, dye, RO, and petroleum industry, at concentration of 2:1 which were 3.67 %, 4.53 %, 5.4 %, and 4.91 % respectively. The results suggest that the potential of removing nutrient from wastewater by microalgae cultivation as production feedstock.