Journal of Biology and Medicine: Open Access

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat that jeopardizes both human and animal health, with significant economic implications. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and veterinary practices have driven the development of resistance, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread. In particular, the use of antibiotics in livestock and aquaculture has accelerated the emergence of resistant pathogens that can transfer to humans via the food chain. AMR is linked to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates, extended hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Projections suggest that AMR could lead to up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, with devastating impacts on global economies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Addressing AMR requires a multi-faceted approach, including stricter antibiotic regulations, improved management practices in agriculture, and enhanced surveillance systems. This article reviews the mechanisms of AMR, its global and regional implications, and the strategies needed to mitigate its impact on public health and food security.

The freshwater macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata), a filamentous green alga, collected from the sub-branch of the dam canal, was identified based on morpho-anatomical characters and chemical compositions. The algal biomass containing carbohydrate, protein, lipid, contents were 31.65± 1.5, 13.7± 1.5 and 2.05± 1.5 wt.%, respectively. Also, C. glomerata has chlorophylls and carotenoids pigments were 258.35±2.16 and 79.54±0.67 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanolic solvent extracts derived from C. glomerata against bacteria and fungus. The feasibility of utilizing C. glomerata extracts as a potential source for the antibacterial, antifungal properties was investigated. The methanol solvent extracts of C. glomerata used in this article have revealed significant bacterial strains, namely, B. substilis, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, P. vlgaris, S. aureus and E. coli. The Epidermophyton floccosum shows that higher inhibition was reached to 91.02 %. Fungal strains C. albicans, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. phaseolina, P. oedochilum, R. solani, A. flevus, N. oryzae and T. hamatum were examined with C. glomerata extracts. Staphylococcus aureus express that highed positive control Ampicillin compared to other fungus species in this article. These results suggest that the methanol extracts of C. glomerata possess an effective wide spectrum of antimicrobial and antifungal, which can assist as a remarkable source for antimicrobial compounds.